Melasma
Melasma is a skin condition presenting as brown patches on the face of adults. Both sides of the face are usually affected. The most common sites of involvement are the cheeks, bridge of nose, forehead, and upper lip. Melasma mostly occurs in women with only 10% of those affected being men. Dark-skinned races, particularly Hispanics, Asians, Indians, people from the Middle East, and Northern Africa, tend to have melasma more than others. The precise cause of melasma is unknown but people with a family history of melasma are more likely to develop it themselves. A change in hormonal status may trigger melasma. It is commonly associated with pregnancy and called the ³mask of pregnancy.² Birth control pills may also contribute to melasma, however, hormone replacement therapy used after menopause has not been shown to cause the condition.
Ultraviolet light from the sun, and even very strong light from light bulbs, can stimulate pigment-producing cells, or melanocytes in the skin. People with skin of color have more active melanocytes than those with light skin. These melanocytes produce a large amount of pigment under normal conditions, but this production increases even further when stimulated by light exposure or an increase in hormone levels.
While there is no cure for melasma, many treatments have been developed. Melasma may disappear after pregnancy but it may also remain for many years. Sunscreens are essential in the treatment of melasma. They should be broad spectrum, protecting against both UVA and UVB rays. A SPF 30 or higher should be selected. In addition, physical sun block lotions and creams such as zinc oxide and titanium dioxide may be used to block ultraviolet radiation and visible light. Sunscreens should be worn daily, whether or not it is sunny outside, or if you are outdoors or indoors. Significant amount of ultraviolet rays are received while walking down the street, driving in cars, and sitting next to windows.
A variety of bleaching creams are available for the treatment of melasma. These creams decrease the activity of the pigment-producing cells. Over-the-counter creams contain low concentrations of hydroquinone, the most commonly-used depigmenting agent. This is often effective for mild forms of melasma when used twice daily. A dermatologist may prescribe creams with higher concentrations of hydroquinone. Normally, it takes about three months to substantially improve melasma. Creams containing tretinoin, steroids, and glycolic acid are available in combination with hydroquinone to enhance the depigmenting effect. Other medications which have been found to help melasma are azelaic acid and kojic acid. It is important to follow the directions of your dermatologist carefully in order to get the maximum benefit from your treatment regimen and to avoid irritation and other side effects. Remember, a sunscreen should be applied daily in addition to the bleaching cream. Some bleaching creams are combined with a sunscreen.
Chemical peels, microdermabrasion, and laser surgery may help melasma, but results have not been consistent. These procedures have the potential of causing irritation, which can sometimes worsen melasma. Generally, they should only be used by a dermatologist in conjunction with a proper regimen of bleaching creams and prescription creams tailored to your skin type. Management of melasma requires a comprehensive and professional approach by your dermatologist. Avoidance of sun and irritants, use of sunscreens, application of depigmenting agents, and close supervision by your dermatologist can lead to a successful outcome.
Medical Dermatology
Skin Conditions